================================================================================
  SIMULATED CRASH DUMP — EDUCATIONAL EXAMPLE ONLY
  Generated after fuzzing vulnerable-server with 200 bytes of 'A' (0x41)
  NOT from a real system — for CTF training purposes only
================================================================================

Program: ./vuln_server
Signal:  SIGSEGV (Segmentation fault)
Fault Address: 0x4141414141414141
Reason: Attempted execution at invalid address (user-controlled RIP)

--- REGISTER STATE (x86-64) ---------------------------------------------------

RAX: 0x0000000000000000
RBX: 0x0000000000000000
RCX: 0x00007ffff7b042c0  (libc write+16)
RDX: 0x0000000000000000
RSI: 0x00000000006022a0
RDI: 0x0000000000000001
RBP: 0x4141414141414141  <<< OVERWRITTEN with 'AAAAAAAA'
RSP: 0x00007fffffffe4b8
RIP: 0x4141414141414141  <<< OVERWRITTEN — attacker controls instruction pointer
R8:  0x0000000000000000
R9:  0x00000000000000c8
R10: 0x00007ffff7dd1b78
R11: 0x0000000000000246
R12: 0x00000000004004d0
R13: 0x00007fffffffe5a0
R14: 0x0000000000000000
R15: 0x0000000000000000
EFLAGS: 0x00010206  [PF IF RF]
CS:  0x0033  DS: 0x0000  ES: 0x0000  FS: 0x0000  GS: 0x0000  SS: 0x002b

--- STACK TRACE ----------------------------------------------------------------

#0  0x4141414141414141 in ?? ()                     <<< controlled RIP
#1  0x4141414141414141 in ?? ()                     <<< overflow data on stack
#2  0x4141414141414141 in ?? ()
#3  0x4141414141414141 in ?? ()
Cannot unwind further — stack corrupted by overflow

--- STACK CONTENTS (at RSP) ----------------------------------------------------

0x7fffffffe4b8: 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41  AAAAAAAA
0x7fffffffe4c0: 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41  AAAAAAAA
0x7fffffffe4c8: 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41  AAAAAAAA
0x7fffffffe4d0: 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41  AAAAAAAA
0x7fffffffe4d8: 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41  AAAAAAAA
0x7fffffffe4e0: 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41  AAAAAAAA
0x7fffffffe4e8: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ........
0x7fffffffe4f0: a0 e5 ff ff ff 7f 00 00  ........

--- MEMORY MAP -----------------------------------------------------------------

    Start Addr           End Addr       Size     Offset  Perms   Path
0x0000000000400000 0x0000000000401000 0x00001000 0x000000 r-xp   /home/ctf/vuln_server  [.text]
0x0000000000600000 0x0000000000601000 0x00001000 0x000000 r--p   /home/ctf/vuln_server  [.rodata]
0x0000000000601000 0x0000000000602000 0x00001000 0x001000 rw-p   /home/ctf/vuln_server  [.data/.bss]
0x00007ffff7a0d000 0x00007ffff7bcd000 0x001c0000 0x000000 r-xp   /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.27.so
0x00007ffff7bcd000 0x00007ffff7dcd000 0x00200000 0x1c0000 ---p   /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.27.so
0x00007ffff7dcd000 0x00007ffff7dd1000 0x00004000 0x1c0000 r--p   /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.27.so
0x00007ffff7dd1000 0x00007ffff7dd3000 0x00002000 0x1c4000 rw-p   /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.27.so
0x00007ffff7dd5000 0x00007ffff7dfc000 0x00027000 0x000000 r-xp   /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.27.so
0x00007ffffffde000 0x00007ffffffff000 0x00021000 0x000000 rw-p   [stack]
0xffffffffff600000 0xffffffffff601000 0x00001000 0x000000 r-xp   [vsyscall]

--- KEY OBSERVATIONS -----------------------------------------------------------

1. RIP = 0x4141414141414141
   The instruction pointer has been overwritten with our 'A' (0x41) pattern.
   This confirms full control of the return address.

2. RBP = 0x4141414141414141
   The saved base pointer is also overwritten, confirming the overflow
   reaches both RBP and RIP on the stack.

3. Binary is mapped at fixed address 0x400000 (no PIE).
   The -no-pie compilation flag means function addresses are static.
   admin_shell() can be found at a predictable address.

4. Stack is executable (rwxp would show if execstack was used).
   The -z execstack flag makes the stack executable, allowing
   shellcode to run directly from the overflowed buffer.

5. No stack canary detected.
   Compiled with -fno-stack-protector, so no canary value to bypass.

--- NEXT STEPS FOR EXPLOIT DEVELOPMENT ----------------------------------------

- Use cyclic pattern (pwntools cyclic()) to find exact offset to RIP
- Locate admin_shell() address: objdump -d vuln_server | grep admin_shell
- Craft payload: [padding * offset] + [address of admin_shell]
- Alternative: inject shellcode into buffer, return to NOP sled on stack

================================================================================
  END OF CRASH DUMP — FOR EDUCATIONAL / CTF USE ONLY
================================================================================